scandium yttrium include

Lanthanide, Yttrium, and Scandium Trihalides

The primary aim of this review is to collect together information on the solution thermochemistry of the trihalides of the lanthanides 1, yttrium, and scandium.There is a meager amount of published work relating to nonaqueous solvents, rather than more relating to aqueous solutions.

Developing scandium and yttrium coordination chemistry …

The octadentate siderophore analog 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO), denoted 343-HOPO hereafter, is known to have high affinity for both trivalent and tetravalent lanthanide and actinide cations. Here we extend ...

Rare earth elements: A review of applications

Other aspects covered include different types of deposits, metallurgy, applications in agriculture and medicine, and recycling. ... REE) are a group of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, in particular the fifteen lanthanides as well as yttrium and scandium as defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied …

Molecular insights into rare earth element (REE)-mediated

Rare earth elements (REEs) that include 15 lanthanides, scandium, and yttrium are a special class of elements due to their remarkable qualities such as magnetism, corrosion resistance, luminescence, and electroconductivity. Over the last few decades, the implication of REEs in agriculture has increased substantially, which was …

Scandium, Chromium(VI), Gallium, Yttrium, Rhodium, …

include almost all "abnormal" ones found in the body of man in appreciable amounts. METHODS Random-bred white Swiss mice of the ... scandium 0.2," yttrium 0.3,4 gallium < 0.25,5 indium < 0.05,5 rhodium < l.O,5 palladium < 0.25.5 Hexavalent chromium was not measured. The basal drinking

7 The Misfits: Scandium, Yttrium, and …

Scandium and yttrium are elements in Group IIIA (3) of the Periodic Table, usually placed above La (or Lu). Their treatment is frequently grouped with the lanthanides in textbooks …

Scandium & yttrium: export value by country | Statista

China is the world's leading exporting country of scandium and yttrium. In 2022, China exported nearly 9,140 metric tons of these rare earth-metals, with a value of approximately 393 million U.S ...

A Historical Journey into the Discovery of Scandium

The story of scandium's discovery begins with the Swedish chemist Lars Fredrik Nilson. In 1879, Nilson was conducting experiments on the rare earth elements found in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite. During his investigations, Nilson isolated a new oxide from euxenite, which he initially believed to be the already-known element yttrium.

Rare Earth Elements

Overview. The rare earth elements (REEs) are comprised of the lanthanide elements plus scandium and yttrium, which have similar physical properties and are often found in the same ores and deposits. Specifically, REEs include the light REEs (LREEs) such as lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, and the heavy …

Rare Earths

The rare earths, or rare earth elements (REE), are a relatively abundant group of elements consisting of scandium, yttrium, and the 15 elements of the lanthanide series of the periodic table. Scandium (Sc) is the lightest rare earth element. Scandium is present in crustal rocks in amounts … See more

Scandium and Its Materials Applications

Scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), and the 15 lanthanides belong to group 3 in the periodic table of elements; the main chemical properties are similar to those of lanthanum. ... The rare earths include ...

Scandium, Yttrium and the Lanthanide Metals

Hydrolysis and other complexation reactions of yttrium and the lanthanide metals are important in the disposal of nuclear waste. The trivalent lanthanide metals include lanthanum (III) through lutetium (III). A number of studies have reported a tetrad effect for the geochemical behaviour of the lanthanide series, including stability constants ...

23.8: Lanthanides

Introduction. Lanthanides (elements 57–71) are fairly abundant in the earth's crust, despite their historic characterization as rare earth elements.Thulium, the rarest naturally occurring lanthanoid, is more common in the earth's crust than silver (4.5 × 10 −5 % versus 0.79 × 10 −5 % by mass). There are 17 rare earth elements, consisting of the …

Scandium, Yttrium & the Lanthanides: Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

Yttrium has very similar properties to the later lanthanides, but scandium is significantly smaller. Although the first 3d metal, scandium is not a transition metal, but has significantly ...

Rare Earth Elements: What They Are And Why They Matter

The most abundant REEs are cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, and yttrium. Properties of Rare Earth Elements Rare earth elements have several unique properties that make them essential for modern ...

Rare-earth element | Uses, Properties, & Facts | Britannica

rare-earth element, any member of the group of chemical elements consisting of three elements in Group 3 ( scandium [Sc], yttrium [Y], and lanthanum [La]) and the first extended row of elements below the main body of the periodic table ( cerium [Ce] through lutetium [Lu]). The elements cerium through lutetium are called the …

Thermal Decomposition of Lanthanide, Yttrium, and Scandium Oxalates …

The thermal decompositions of yttrium(III) propionate monohydrate (Y(C2H5CO2)3·H2O) and yttrium(III) butyrate dihydrate (Y(C3H7CO2)3·2H2O) were studied in argon by means of thermogravimetry ...

7 The Misfits: Scandium, Yttrium, and Promethium

7 The Misfits: Scandium, Yttrium, and Promethium. recognize that yttrium resembles the later lanthanides in its chemistry; recall that scandium differs from both the transition metals and the lanthanides in its chemistry; appreciate that promethium is a typical lanthanide in the types of compounds it forms, despite its radioactivity and the ...

The Lanthanides, Rare Earth Elements

Most chemists also include lanthanum in the series because, although it does not fill the 4f subshell, its properties are very much like those of the lanthanides. The elements scandium and yttrium are also known as the "rare earths" because they were originally discovered together with the lanthanides in rare minerals and isolated as …

Scandium, yttrium, the lanthanides and the actinides

A simple and efficient embedding scheme for the wave-function based calculation of the energies of local excitations in large systems and can model the equatorial Cl- ligands in NpO2Cl42- quite accurately, compared to a fully wavefunction-based calculation, and opens up the possibility of modeling the interaction of different ligands to …

Chemical and Physical Properties of Scandium and …

3 Citations. Abstract. Yttrium has major similarities to scandium and also to the lanthanides (Ln). Their treatment together and comparing their chemical and physical …

Scandium, Yttrium & the Lanthanides: Inorganic

Yttrium has very similar properties to the later lanthanides, but scandium is significantly smaller. Although the first 3d metal, scandium is not a transition metal, but …

Scandium and Yttrium – Comparison – Properties

This article contains comparison of key thermal and atomic properties of scandium and yttrium, two comparable chemical elements from the periodic table. It also contains …

REE

The group consists of yttrium and the 15 lanthanide elements (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium). Scandium is found in most rare earth element deposits and is sometimes classified as a rare earth element.

In situ recovery, an alternative to conventional

Scandium, rhenium, rare earth elements, yttrium, selenium, molybdenum, and vanadium were mined in pilot tests as by-products of uranium extraction. ISR of gold, copper, nickel, rare earth elements and scandium has been successfully developed over recent years. The paper discusses other commodities that have potential to be mined …

What are rare earth elements, and why are they …

U.S. Geological Survey news release "Going Critical". The rare earth elements (REE) are a set of seventeen metallic elements. These include the fifteen lanthanides on the periodic table plus scandium and yttrium. …

Facts About Yttrium | Live Science

The 17 rare-earth elements include yttrium, scandium and 15 lanthanides (the metallic elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71). They have become …

Rare Earth Elements | Geology for Investors

Rare Earth Elements. There are 17 rare earth elements or REE for short. They include the 15 lanthanides, plus scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y). The lanthanides are range from the lightest lanthanum (La), …

Chromium, Erbium: Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet

YSGG (Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet) doped with Chromium and Erbium provides an efficient laser ... Advantages of Cr, Er: YSGG Include: Lowest threshold and highest slope efficiency of common Erbium doped crystals (1,2) Can be flash lamp pumped via Cr bands or diode pumped via Er bands Operates CW, free-running or Q-switched (2.3)

Facts About Yttrium | Live Science

The 17 rare-earth elements include yttrium, scandium and 15 lanthanides (the metallic elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71). They have become indispensible in the manufacturing of cell ...