lead indium diffuse

Gold--indium diffusion in bridgewires

A study being directed toward refining previous estimates of the rate of diffusion of indium into gold and of gold into lead-tin-indium solder under the conditions existing in gold bridgewire detonators is described. The study is also concerned with the effects of gold-indium intermetallic compound on the performance of detonators and methods which …

The diffusion of indium in lead films containing gold

Some results on the lateral diffusion of indium in thin lead films containing 2.5 wt.% Au are described. At room temperature the diffusion rate is high with a diffusion coefficient D of about 2.5 x 10-12 cm2 s-1 and an activation energy of 0.26±0.1 eV. The indium concentration profile along the films is highly irregular and is characterized by ...

Use of gas-diffusion electrodes for high-rate

The use of metal-impregnated polytetrafluoroethylene-bonded carbon gas-diffusion electrodes for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution has been investigated over a wide range of pH (1 to 5). High rates of reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid were demonstrated. Lead-impregnated electrodes operated at 115 mA cm−2 …

Soldering to Gold

The indium-lead alloy system contains a range of useful solder alloys from pure indium to pure lead. Alloys containing an excess of 80% lead can be used but have diminished wettability. Indium and lead form a nearly continuous solid solution. The most commonly used alloy is 50In/50Pb, which has a liquidus of about 210°C and a solidus of about ...

Isotope effect for diffusion of gold in lead-indium alloys

Keywords: Isotope effect, diffusion, lead-indium alloys, fast diffuser, gold isotope. 1. INTRODUCTION The behavior of so-called "fast diffuser" systems is a topic of continuing interest in the field of condensed matter physics. In general, these systems consist of a noble metal and some transition metal impurities in polyvalent or highly ...

Ferroelectricity in disordered Pb(In 1/2 )O 3

Polarisation-electric field (P-E) hysteresis loops in disordered lead indium niobate (Pb(In,,Nbl,,)03; PIN) are, for the first time, observed. The value of the …

TECH

For example, lead-indium can be plated directly over copper-lead. Although the indium will eventually diffuse through the overlay and into the copper-lead layer, the effects are not …

Lead indium niobate-lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate …

Lead indium niobate-lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate based whispering gallery mode resonator. Whispering gallery mode resonators (WGMRs) have …

A Guide to Indium Plating 97507 (A5) R6

Ability to rapidly diffuse into certain metals, such as copper, silver, and lead for hardening. Low melting temperature (157°C) Low vapor pressure. Low oxide formation. Ability to wet …

Density and thermal expansion of indium–lead melts

The volumetric properties of liquid indium-lead alloys containing 20 and 33 at. % Pb have been measured using gamma-ray attenuation technique at temperatures from the liquidus line to 880 K. The density changes of these alloys during solid–liquid phase transition have been calculated. The obtained experimental values of the molar …

Atomic Diffusion of Indium through Threading …

map of the indium atoms obtained from the APT measure-ments, and Figure 2d shows the same image with iso-concentration-surfaces44 at 0.4 atom % indium concentration. The indium concentration was calculated by [In counts]/[Ga counts + In counts]. For better visualization of the indium distribution near the TD, 10 nm thick slices in the y-direction

The Kinetic Advantages of Lithium-Indium Anodes

Their work deals with optimizing the kinetics of lithium ion diffusion and reaction in the anode, and it led to the identification of a lithium-indium anode that can support ultrafast charging (sometimes measured in seconds) and is primarily limited by other battery components. ... At this charge density, the measured C-rate was 1,440C, a …

The diffusion of indium in lead films containing gold

The diffusion of indium in lead films containing gold @article{Broom1977TheDO, title={The diffusion of indium in lead films containing gold}, author={Ronald F. Broom and Th. O. Mohr}, journal={Thin Solid Films}, year={1977}, volume={47}, pages={249-259} } R. Broom, T. Mohr; Published 15 December 1977; Materials Science; Thin Solid Films

Lead‐Free All‐Inorganic Indium Chloride Perovskite Variant Nanocrystals

Lead-free halide perovskites and their variants have attracted great attention due to their non-toxicity and good photophysical properties. Here, a series of undoped and antimony-doped all-inorganic, 0D, indium-based perovskite variant nanocrystals (NCs): (Rb x Cs 1− x) 3 InCl 6 and (Rb x Cs 1− x) 3 InCl 6:Sb (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) NCs, is reported. Among …

Lead Indium Alloy | AMERICAN ELEMENTS

See more Lead products. Lead (atomic symbol: Pb, atomic number: 82) is a Block P, Group 14, Period 6 element with an atomic radius of 207.2. The number of electrons in each of Lead's shells is [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4] and its electron configuration is [Xe] 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 2. The lead atom has a radius of 175 pm and a Van der Waals radius of ...

(PDF) Dielectric properties and diffusion of ferroelectric …

ferroelectric phase transition in lead indium niobate, Ferroelectrics, 108:1, 237-240 ... A very diffuse phase transition is observed in the whole measured temperature range and the dielectric ...

Use of gas-diffusion electrodes for high-rate

and lead-, indium- and tin-impregnated elec- trodes was measured in order to investigate the effect of the metal electrocatalyst on the rate of reduction of carbon dioxide. 3.1. Uncatalysed gas-diffusion electrodes Table 1 summarizes the performance data of some non-impregnated, PTFE-bonded, carbon

SAE AMS2415

Purpose This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited and diffused lead and indium plate. SAE AMS2415. January 1, 2003. Plating, Lead and Indium. Purpose: This specification covers the engineering requirements for electrodeposition of lead and indium and diffusion of the indium into the lead, and the …

Computational study and ion diffusion analyses of native …

The only case in which diffusion is more consistent is in Fig. S4(d), 43 which shows the diffusion of oxygen ions in β-Ga 2 O 3-O i. Despite Figs. S4(g) and S4(i) 43 plus Figs. S5(d), S5(f) and S5(i) 43 showed small disturbances in their MSDs of gallium and indium ions, they appear to stem from occasional displacements rather than a …

Indium diffusion through high-k dielectrics in high-k/InP …

According to the annealing process on Al 2 O 3 /InP interface, Dong et al. has shown that annealing may lead to indium atoms diffusion into Al 2 O 3 and enhance the phosphorus-oxide richness at ...

Mechanical behavior of Au–In intermetallics for low

Mechanical behavior. According to the SEM imaging of the sample topography and the XRD analysis of the sample composition, the cross-sections of the gold wire and indium solder are composed of gold, indium, and their IMC AuIn 2.In order to characterize the mechanical properties, nanoindentation was performed on the Au …

Lead indium niobate-lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate …

Lead indium niobate-lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate single crystals of 33 mol% PIN (PIN33-PMN-PT) were grown by a modified Bridgman method. Properties were characterized along the crystal ...

Diffusion coating of indium on copper

Smith [13] has investigated the depth of diffusion of indium coatings into lead, cadmium, copper, silver and certain alloys after prolonged heat treatments (500 h at 150 and 200 h at 120 ), and in all cases it was found that the concentration of indium at the surface remained relatively high even after extensive heat treatment, which thus ...

Diffusion and electromigration in lead alloys. II. Ag, Au, and …

As a sequel to certain studies of ''fast diffusers'' in lead‐tin alloys, we have carried out a comparable program for lead‐indium alloys with silver, gold, and copper as mobile elements. It has been found that the addition of In greatly increased D Ag up to 60 times, but made the electromigration parameter Z * a,Ag more negative ...

TECH SPOTLIGHT

Fig. 7 — Indium-lead phase diagram. Indium and lead form an essentially miscible mix-ture that extends between the two melting points. Fig. 6 — Spread characteristics of indium and tin binary alloys on an ideal substrate, as a function of excess temperature abov e the melting point. Indium solders are appreciably less fluid than their tin ...

Intermetallics In Soldering | Eric Bastow

Intermetallics are a necessary evil in the metal-to-metal bonding world, which definitely includes soldering. There are two basic ways that metal will "chemically" bond to another metal: 1) solid solution 2) intermetallic. We will focus just on intermetallics for the moment as that is the most pertinent to the soldering world.

Dielectric properties and diffusion of ferroelectric …

Dielectric properties and diffusion of ferroelectric phase transition in lead indium niobate: Ferroelectrics: Vol 108, No 1.

A New Gold-Indium Eutectic Bonding Method | MRS Online …

In this study, multiple layers of Au and In are deposited directly on semiconductor wafers in one vacuum cycle to prevent indium oxidation and then bonded to substrates coated with Au. At 200°C the indium layer melts and dissolves the gold layers to form a mixture of liquid and solid. The diffusion process continues until the bond solidifies.

Solder Joint Embrittlement Mechanisms, Solutions and …

plated-through-hole soldering and solid state diffusion forms an AuSn 2 compound layer. Close-up and cross-sectional images with SEM/EDS compositional information are shown for each case. A table of solder and gold volumes, which produce 3.0 and 4.0 weight percent gold, is provided. The embrittlement problems and their

Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide on indium …

Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) coated with indium led to formate concentrations up to 76 mM and formation rates of 0.183 mmol cm−2 h−1, which was considerably superior to indium coatings on ...